Annotated Bibliography
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2007). The Gender Pay Gap: Have Women Gone as Far as
They Can?The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 7-23.
This article articulates the unequal distribution of wealth between men and women by identifying trends in the gender pay gap. The article goes on to explain the gender pay gap by looking at the role of qualifications and discrimination. There are many employment practices that discriminate against women that make it increasingly harder for them to find jobs. Many of the practices are representative of the American social structure that encourages women to stay at home and take care of the house and children. This article goes on to explain the trends of discrimination that women face. The discrimination that women face has roots dating back to the 1980’s when women were beginning to enter the work place. This article is important to the research in this project because it identifies why it is so hard for women in poverty to find jobs, especially those women that are single mothers in poverty. It is also important to note that this article also notes the relationship between education and income, and how the numbers vary between men and women. While men and women may have the same education, women still make just under 77 cents to every dollar that men make. This is also important to this research because women are more negatively impacted by poverty.
Brueggemann, J. (2012) Poverty in the United States: An Overview. Inequality in the United States: a
reader. Boston: Allyn& Bacon, 2012. 88-97. Print.
This article aims to examine poverty in the United States. This article identifies the different demographics of people that are living in poverty and presents the theory of feminization of poverty. In many cases, women are the head of their household and must support her children on a single income pushing them further into the cycle of poverty. Women are more likely to be impoverished than men. This is important because our research focuses on women in poverty and how they are more disadvantaged than men as a result of family structures. Single mother families are more likely to experience poverty that male headed families with no wife present because men make more money on average than men.
Coakley, T. M. (2013). The influence of father involvement on child welfare permanency outcomes: A secondary data analysis. Children & Youth Services Review, 35(1), 174-182. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.023
This article identifies the impact of single mother homes and the impacts this has on children. Children’s lives are significantly altered when a father figure is not present. Children without a father figure are more likely to have problems in school and poor behavior. This article is important for our research because it identifies issues that women in poverty are more prone to experience. It is important to identify how women are impacted by poverty and how this affects their children. Single mother households are more likely to experience poverty than family’s with a father present.
Ezeala-Harrison, F. (2010). Black Feminization of Poverty: Feminization of Poverty: Evidence from the U.S. Cross- Regional Data. Journal of Developing Areas, 44(1), 149-166
This article compares black women and white women in the work place. It explains that black women have high human capital with a positive work ethic. One would believe that black and white women would face similar rates of poverty. Unfortunately however, Black women are far more likely to live in poverty that white women and black males. This article uses census data and surveys to explain the theory of black feminism. The labor market is representative of black feminism.
Hays, S. (2003). Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform: Women in the Age of
Welfare Reform.Oxford University Press, USA.
This article tells the story of several women and how they came to be impoverished. In many cases, women are faced with a series of individual circumstances that impact their life. Many of these women are faced with abuse, teen pregnancy, illness, elderly or disabled family members, and divorce. These are all factors that many women deal with every day. This article also looks at the opinions that people have of women on welfare which are overwhelmingly negative. While there are people that abuse the welfare system, the majorities of women need the assistance and are doing the best that they can to support their family. It also looks at how women on welfare view other women on welfare. Many women on welfare talk about other women on welfare very negatively. These are all important to our research because it identifies the problems that women are faced with that lead to them being impoverished as well as the negativeopinions of women on welfare that lead to further discrimination.
Hennessy, J. (2009). Choosing Work and Family: Poor and Low-Income Mothers' Work- Family Commitments.Journal Of Poverty, 13(2), 152-172.doi:10.1080/10875540902841747
This is a qualitative study that used a series of interviews and surveys to understand the choices that women in poverty have regarding work and family life. The study found that many lower income mothers share the same views as social conservatives in regards to increased time at work. Many lower income mothers would choose time with children over time at work while wealthier mothers would choose work over family time. This is important to our research because it examines the hardships that women in poverties are faced with. While women in poverty wish to spend more time with family they are forced to spend more time at work.
Mickelson, R. A. (1989). Why does Jane Read and
Write so Well? The Anomaly of Women's achievement. Sociology of Education, 47-63.
This article explores the reasons that women strive for a higher education when they do not make as much as men with the same education. This article looks at how, even though women face discrimination in the work force, they still pursue a bettereducation which means tat women are eager to learn, even if they will not be able to make as much. It looks at the history of women in the workforce. This article is important for this research because it explains the disadvantage that women face when it comes to finding a job which, in some cases, leads to women being impoverished.
Stressed Families, Impoverished Families: Crises in the Household and in the Reproduction of
the Working Class (1992). Review of Radical Political Economics, 24(2), 17.
This article examines the current social structure in the United States which is modeled after a patriarchal society, which makes it harder for women to get jobs. This article also looks at the lack of availability of training and how this is impacting the ability for people to get jobs. This is important because it looks at why women are forced to take low wage jobs that make it hard to support a family at home. There are not enough adequately trained individuals for the higher paying jobs.